This artist’s impression shows the surroundings of the supermassive black hole at the heart of the active galaxy NGC 3783 in the southern constellation of Centaurus (The Centaur). The new theory says that the expansion comes from this 3-D brane’s growth. But there is at least one limitation. The long and the short of it? To bring this back to things that we can see, it is clear from observations that the universe is expanding (and indeed is getting faster as it expands, possibly due to the mysterious dark energy). So basically, what the model says is when the 4-D star blows apart, the leftover material would create a 3-D brane surrounding a 3-D event horizon, and then expand.So in a 4-D universe, the event horizon would be a 3-D object called a hypersphere. In a 3-D universe, the event horizon appears as a two-dimensional surface.There are a lot of theories of what goes on inside a black hole, although nothing has ever been observed. The event horizon is the boundary between the inside and the outside of a black hole. The 4-D black hole would have an “event horizon” just like the 3-D ones we are familiar with.
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The most massive ones would explode as supernovae, shed their skin and have the innermost parts collapse as a black hole. So if this “bulk universe” has four-dimensional stars, these stars could go through the same life cycles as the three-dimensional ones we are familiar with.(Yes, this is making our heads hurt as well, so it might be easier to temporarily think of the brane as two-dimensional and the “bulk universe” as three-dimensional when trying to picture it.) You can read the more technical details in this 2000 paper on which the new theory is based. The model they constructed has the three-dimensional universe floating as a membrane (or brane) in a “bulk universe” that has four dimensions.
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Most cosmologists say the universe must have been expanding faster than the speed of light for this to happen, but Ashford says even that theory has problems: “The Big Bang was so chaotic, it’s not clear there would have been even a small homogenous patch for inflation to start working on.” Representation of the timeline of the universe over 13.7 billion years, from the Big Bang, through the cosmic dark ages and formation of the first stars, to the expansion in the universe that followed. Also, it’s hard to predict why it would have produced a universe that has an almost uniform temperature, because the age of our universe (about 13.8 billion years) does not give enough time - as far as we can tell - to reach a temperature equilibrium. So what are the limitations of the Big Bang theory? The singularity is one of them.
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